In most cases, except maybe a true fat bike, the fork can always take a wider tire than the rear triangle of the bike. This is especially true in aluminum frames, where the tubes are made larger in diameter / shape to be able to be light weight, but still strong. To not change the geometry of the frame too much, this often results in less room in the rear triangle for tire size. Steel frames can have a smaller diameter tube with a slightly thicker wall, and still retain strength.
The front tire also does most of the work on a mtb. Hitting rocks, encountering sandy / loose sections in corners, staying planted when sliding over wet roots or terrain; all of these are benefited by having a wider tire with a more aggressive tread pattern. Both of my tires on Midriff-ter have the same tread pattern, mostly because I was going for more of a 'truck like' look. I won't be competing or pushing myself too hard on this bike, so having a smaller knobbed and lighter weight tire in the rear for acceleration isn't needed. The rear tire has the majority of the rider's weight on it, so it doesn't inherently need the aggressive tread to work well.
In my case, this frame is originally a 29er frame. I had these wide rimmed 27.5 wheels already, and so to get close to the geometry and BB height (which accounts for pedal clearance) I had to put the largest tires I could use on the wheels to better fit the parameters of the bike. So that was another factor in selecting the 27.5 x 2.6 for the rear and the 27.5 x 2.8 for the front.